Upregulation of Phosphodiesterase 2A Augments T Cell Activation by Changing cGMP/cAMP Cross-Talk

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3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is well-known for its diverse immunomodulatory properties, primarily inhibitory effects during T cell activation, proliferation, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A decrease in cAMP levels, due to the hydrolyzing activity of phosphodiesterases (PDE), is favoring inflammatory responses. This can be prevented by selective PDE inhibitors, which makes PDEs important therapeutic targets… Read more »

CSF Findings in Acute NMDAR and LGI1 Antibody-Associated Autoimmune Encephalitis

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Background and objectives: CSF in antibody-defined autoimmune encephalitis (AE) subtypes shows subtype-dependent degrees of inflammation ranging from rare and often mild to frequent and often robust. AEs with NMDA receptor antibodies (NMDAR-E) and leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 antibodies (LGI1-E) represent opposite ends of this spectrum: NMDAR-E with typically frequent/robust and LGI1-E with rare/mild CSF inflammation…. Read more »

Patients experiences with multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies in daily life – a qualitative interview study

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Background: Besides coping with a disease with many uncertainties, people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis face complex decisions concerning disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). In an interview study, we aimed to assess patients‘ experiences with DMTs.Methods: Problem-centred interviews were conducted with 50 people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Germany using maximum variation sampling and covering all licensed DMTs…. Read more »

Evaluation of an interactive web-based programme on relapse management for people with multiple sclerosis (POWER@MS2): study protocol for a process evaluation accompanying a randomised controlled trial

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Introduction: Process evaluations accompanying complex interventions examine the implementation process of the underlying intervention, identify mechanisms of impact and assess contextual factors. This paper presents the protocol for a process evaluation conducted alongside the randomised controlled trial POWER@MS2. The trial comprises the evaluation of a web-based complex intervention on relapse management in 188 people with… Read more »

Microstructural white matter abnormalities in hypothyroidism evaluation with diffusion tensor imaging tract-based spatial statistical analysis

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Purpose: Hypothyroidism is presented in a wide range from neuropsychiatric problems including depression, memory and cognitive disorders to poor motor coordination. Against the background of morphologic, functional and molecular changes on the white and grey matter of the brain, we aimed to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism on white matter (WM) integrity using tract-based spatial… Read more »